課程名稱：社會心理學理論
Alternate Perspectives in Social Psychology
課程編號：227 M1680 學分：3
授課教師：黃光國

一、課程目的
「社會心理學理論」此一課程的主要目的，並不僅只是希望學生瞭解當代社會心理學的重要理論，而且希望學生思考：（1）西方學者如何以「主／客」對立的方式建構理論；（2）學者在從事某一具體問題之研究時，如何在理論的層次上思考，以解決某種經驗性的問題。學生 如果已經上過「社會科學方法論」，思考這兩項問題，必然會有幫助；未曾上過「社會科學方法論」的同學，最少應當先瞭解（1）K. Popper的否證論；（2）I. Lakatos的科學研究綱領方法論（methodology of scientific research programme）；和（3）L. Laudan的科學研究傳統（scientific research tradition）。

二、上課方式

在上課前，教師會提供學生一份書單，書單上列出每週所要討論的社會心理學理論。正式選課的學生，必須按照書單上之順序，輪流報告。教師則會從上述角度，討論如何建構理論及如何解決經驗性問題。

三、評分方式

這是一門動腦筋的課程。課程的目的在於學習如何建構理論及使用理論，因此，本課程沒有考試。但是，在上課之前，學生對自己所報告的題目，必須準備一份綱要，發給大家。除此之外，學生必須依其平日的討論心得，用在理論層次上思考的方式，擬定一項或一項以上具體可行的研究計畫，在學期末繳交。此兩項分數，各佔學期分數的50％。


社會心理學理論參考書目

1. Individualism and Collectivism
Triandis, H. C. (1994). Theoretical and methodological
approaches to study of Collectivism and individualism. In U.
Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. C., Choi, & G. Yoon
(Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and
applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. pp. 175-l88.
Trandis, H. C. (1999). Cross-cultural psychology. Asian Journal of Social Psychology. 2(1), 127-143.

2. Social Representation Theory
Wagner, W. et al. (1999). Theory and method of social representations. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2(1)：95-125.
Moscovici, S. (1998). Notes towards a description of social representations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 211-250.
Moscovici, S. (1998). Social consciousness and its history. Culture and Psychology, 4, 411-429.
Farr, R. (1993). Theory and method in the study of social representations. In D. Canter ＆ G. Breakwell (Eds.). Empirical approaches to social representations (pp.15-38). Oxford：Clarendon Press.
Wagner, W. (1997). Local knowledge, social representations and psychological theory. In K. Leung, U. Kim, S. Yamaguchi ＆ Y. Kashima (Eds.), Progress in Asian social psychology, Vol. 1, Singapore：Wiley.

3. Self and social-cultural context
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, (96)3, 506-520.
Deaux, M. B. and Major (1987). Putting gender into context. Psychological Review, 94, 369-389.
Cross, S. E., & Madson, L. (1997). Models of the self: Self-construals and gender.Psychological Bulletin. Vol. 122(1), 5-37.

4. Dynamic Self
Hermans, H. J. M. (1996). Voicing the self: From information processing to dialogical interchange. Psychological Bulletin. Vol. 119(1), 31-50.
Austin, J. T., & Vancouver, J. B. (1996). Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process, and content. Psychological Bulletin. Vol. 120(3), 338-375.
Brewer, M. B. (l991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, l7, 475-482.
Hilton, D. J. (1995). The social context of reasoning: Conversational inference and rational judgment. Psychological Bulletin. Vol. 118(2), 248-271.
Banaji, M. R. and Prentice, D. A. (1994). The self in social context. Annual Review of Psychology, 45, 297-332.

5. Impression Management (chap. 7)
Schneider, D. J. (1981). Tactical self-presentation: toward a broader conception. In J. T. Tedeschi (ed.), Impression Management Theory and Social Psychological Research. New York: Academic Press.
Richardson, K. D. & Cialdini, R. B. (1981). Basking and blasting: Tactics of indirect self-presentation. In J. T. Tedeschi (Ed.), Impression Managernent Theory and Social Psychological Research. New York: Academic Press.
Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1990). Impression management: A literature review and two component model. Psychological Bulletin, (107)1, 34-47.

6. Social Exchange Theory
Foa, E. B., & Foa, U. G. (1980). Resource theory: Interpersonal behavior as exchange. In K. J. Gergen et al. (Eds.), Social Exchange Theory (pp. 77-101). New York: Plenum Press.
Blau, P. (1978). Microprocess and macrostructure. In Karen S. C. (Ed.), Social Exchange Theory (pp. 83-100). Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
Emerson, R. (1981). Social exchange theory. In M. Rosenberg & R. H. Turner (Eds.), Social Psychology: Sociological Perspectives (pp.30-65). New York: Basic Books.

7.Justice Theory
Leventhal, G. S. (1976). The distribution of rewards and resources in groups and organizations. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 9, pp. 91-131). NY: Academic Press.
Lerner, M. J. (1981). The justice motive in human relations. In M. J. Lerner & S. C. Lerner (Eds.), The Justice Motive in Social Behavior (pp. 41-53). New York: Plenum.
McClintock, C. G., Kramer R. M., & Keil, L. J. (1984). Equity and social exchange in human relationships. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 17, pp. 184-228).

8. Social Relations
Fiske, A. P. (1992). The four elementary forms of social life: Framework for a unified theory of social relations. Psychological review, 99(4), 689-723.
Ho, D. (1998). Interpersonal relationship and relationship dominance: An analysis based on methodological relationalism. Asian Journal of Social psychology, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1-16.
Baumeister, R. F., Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachment as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
McAdams, D. P., & Constantian, C. A. (1983). Intimacy and affiliation motives in daily living: An experience sampling analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 851-861.
Tesser, A. (1988). Toward a self-evaluation maintenance model of social behavior. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 2l, pp. 181-227). New York: Academic Press.
Hartup, W. W., & Stevens, N. (1997). Friendships and adaptation in the life course. Psychological Bulletin. Vol. 121(3), 355-370.


9. Morality
Blasi, A. (1991). Bridging moral cognition and moral action: A critical review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 1-45.
Snarey, J. R. (1985). Cross-cultural universality of social-moral development: A critical review of Kohlbergian research. Psychological Bulletin, 97(2), 202-232.
Shweder, R. A. , Mahapatra, M. ＆ Miller, J. G. (1990). Culture and moral development. In J. Stiger, R. A. Sweder and Herdt (Eds.), Cultural Psychology：Essays on Comparative Human Developmnet (pp.130-204). New York：Cambridge University Press.
Miller, J. G. (1994). Cultural diversity in the morality of caring: Individually oriented versus duty-based interpersonal moral codes. Cross-Cultural Research: the Journal of Comparative Social Science. Vol. 28(1), 3-39.
Walker, L. J. (1981)﹒ Sex differences in the development of moral reasoning: A critical review. Child Development, 55, 677-691.
Shweder, R. A. et al. (1997). The `big three` of morality (autonomy, community, divinity) and the `big three` explanations of suffering. In A. M. Brandt, et al. (Eds.), Morality and health (pp. 119-169). New York, NY, USA: Routledge.
Hwang, K. K. (1998). Tow moralities：Reinterpreting the finding of empirical research on moral reasoning in Taiwan. Asia Journal of Social Psychology.

10.Social Identity Theory
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In Worchel and W. Austin (Eds.) Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Chicago, IL.: Nelson-Hall, pp. 33-48.
Brewer, M. B. (1993). Social identity, distinctiveness and in-group homogeneity. Social Cognition, 11, 150-164.
Abrams, D. & Hogg, M. (Eds.) (1990). Social Identity Theory: Constructive and Critical Advances. Hemel Hempstead, U.K.: Wheatsheaf, 48-70.
Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A. Oaks, P. J., Reicher, S., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-categorization Theory. Oxford England: Basil Blackwell.
Hwang, K. K. (1999). Filial piety and loyalty: Two types of social identification in Confucianism. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2(1)：163-183.